Occupations and industries related to healthcare are projected to add
the most new jobs between 2012 and 2022, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) reported today. Total employment is projected to increase
10.8 percent, or 15.6 million, during the decade.
In addition to projecting employment for each detailed occupation, BLS
depicts the education, related work experience, and on-the-job training
typically needed for occupations. Occupations that typically require
postsecondary education for entry are expected, on average, to grow faster
than occupations that require a high school diploma or less.
This news release focuses on several areas of projections data: labor
force and the aggregate economy, industry employment, occupation employment,
education and training, and replacement needs.
Labor force and the aggregate economy
Projections of the labor force and the aggregate economy serve as the
basis for employment projections. Slower projected growth in the civilian
noninstitutional population and declining labor force participation rates
limit growth in the labor force, which in turn limits economic growth.
--The labor force is projected to grow 0.5 percent per year from
2012 to 2022, compared with an annual growth rate of 0.7 percent
during the 2002-12 decade. Due to the aging baby-boom generation,
workers ages 55 and older are expected to make up over one-quarter
of the labor force in 2022. (See table 1.)
--Projected declines in the labor force participation rates for
both men and women are expected to slow labor force growth. The
overall labor force participation rate is projected to decline from
63.7 percent in 2012 to 61.6 percent in 2022, continuing the trend
from the past decade. (See table 2.)
--Slower labor force growth is expected to limit potential economic
growth. Gross domestic product (GDP) is projected to increase by 2.6
percent annually from 2012 to 2022, slower than the 3 percent or
higher rate often posted from the mid-1990s through mid-2000s.
Industry employment
BLS analyzes future demand for different types of goods and services,
and then projects the employment necessary to produce them. Most of
the 10.8 percent employment growth is projected to be in service-
providing industries.
--The health care and social assistance sector is projected to grow at
an annual rate of 2.6 percent, adding 5.0 million jobs between 2012
and 2022. This accounts for nearly one-third of the total projected
increase in jobs. The growth reflects, in part, the demand for
healthcare workers to address the needs of an aging population. (See
table 3.)
--Employment in the construction sector is projected to grow 2.6 percent
annually. This equates to 1.6 million new jobs over the 2012-22
decade, the most among goods-producing sectors and third most
among all major industry sectors. (See table 3.) Despite expected
fast growth, construction sector employment in 2022 is projected
to be below the peak level (7.7 million; 2006).
--Five industry sectors are projected to have decreases in employment:
manufacturing (-549,500); federal government (-407,500); agriculture,
forestry, fishing, and hunting (-223,500); information (-65,200); and
utilities (-56,400). (See table 3.)
Occupation employment
Projected industry employment is distributed among occupations based
on how industries are expected to use those occupations.
--Of the 30 occupations projected to have the largest percentage
increase between 2012 and 2022, 14 are related to healthcare and 5
are related to construction. (See table 4.)
--The 30 occupations with the largest projected increase in employ-
ment from 2012 to 2022 will account for 7.4 million new jobs, almost
half of the total projected employment growth. (See table 5.)
--Four major occupational groups are projected to grow more than 20
percent--nearly double the overall growth--from 2012 to 2022: health-
care support occupations (28.1 percent), healthcare practitioners and
technical occupations (21.5 percent), construction and extraction
occupations (21.4 percent), and personal care and service occupations
(20.9 percent). (See table 6.)
--Every major occupational group except farming, fishing, and
forestry occupations is projected to gain jobs between 2012 and 2022.
(See table 6.)
Education and training
In addition to projecting employment for each detailed occupation, BLS
depicts the education, related work experience, and on-the-job training
typically needed for occupations.
--Nineteen of the 30 occupations projected to grow fastest from
2012 to 2022 typically require some form of postsecondary education
for entry. (See table 4.)
--Two-thirds of the 30 occupations with the largest projected
employment increase from 2012 to 2022 typically do not require
postsecondary education for entry. (See table 5.)
--Occupations typically requiring postsecondary education for entry
generally had higher median wages ($57,770) in 2012 and are projected
to grow faster (14.0 percent) between 2012 and 2022 than occupations
that typically require a high school diploma or less ($27,670 and 9.1
percent). (See table 7.)
--Occupations that do not typically require postsecondary education
are projected to add 8.8 million jobs between 2012 and 2022,
accounting for more than half of all new jobs. These occupations
employed nearly two-thirds of workers in 2012. (See table 7.)
--Occupations that typically require an apprenticeship are projected
to grow 22.2 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than any other on-the-
job training assignment. (See table 7.)
Replacement needs
Employment growth is not the only source of job openings. BLS also
projects job openings resulting from the need to replace workers who
retire or otherwise permanently leave an occupation. Job openings due
to replacement needs are expected in every occupation, even in those
projected to decline in employment.
--Over the 2012-22 decade, 50.6 million total job openings are
expected. While growth will lead to many openings, more than two-
thirds--67.2 percent--are projected to come from replacement needs.
--In more than 4 out of 5 occupations, openings from replacement
needs are projected to exceed openings from growth.
--Nearly two-thirds of all job openings are expected to be in
occupations that typically do not require postsecondary education for
entry. (See table 7.)
--Twenty-two of the 30 occupations with the largest number of
projected job openings are classified as not typically requiring
postsecondary education. (See table 8.)
More information
The BLS projections are used by high school students and their teachers
and parents, college students, career changers, and career development
and guidance specialists. The projections are the foundation of the
BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, one of the nation's most widely used
career information resources. The projections are also used by state
workforce agencies to prepare state and area projections that, together
with the national projections, are widely used by policymakers and
education and training officials to make decisions about education and
training policy, funding, and program offerings. In addition, other
federal agencies, researchers, and academics use the projections to
understand trends in the economy and labor market. New projections are
released every 2 years.
More detailed information on the 2012-22 projections appears in five
articles in the Monthly Labor Review. Links to these articles are
available at www.bls.gov/emp/publications.htm.
Tables with projections data, including but not limited to what was
highlighted in this release, are available online at
www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm. Detailed information about the projections
methods is available at www.bls.gov/emp/ep_projections_methods.htm.
More information about the education and training system is available
at www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm.
A graphic representation of projections highlights appears in the
Winter 2013-14 issue of the Occupational Outlook Quarterly, available
online at www.bls.gov/ooq.
The 2014-15 edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) will
feature the 2012-22 projections. The OOH includes information about
work activities, wages, education and training requirements, the job
outlook, and more for 580 detailed occupations in 334 profiles. The
updated OOH will be available online on January 8, 2014, at www.bls.gov/ooh.
Information from this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Services: (800) 877-8339.
able 1. Civilian labor force by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 1992, 2002, 2012, and projected 2022
Table 1. Civilian labor force by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 1992, 2002, 2012, and projected 2022
(In thousands]
Group Level Change Percent change Percent distribution Annual growth rate
(percent)
1992 2002 2012 2022 1992- 2002- 2012- 1992- 2002- 2012- 1992 2002 2012 2022 1992- 2002- 2012-
2002 2012 2022 2002 2012 2022 2002 2012 2022
Total, 16 years and older 128,105 144,863 154,975 163,450 16,758 10,112 8,475 13.1 7.0 5.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.2 0.7 0.5
Age, years:
16 to 24................. 21,617 22,366 21,285 18,462 749 -1,081 -2,823 3.5 -4.8 -13.3 16.9 15.4 13.7 11.3 0.3 -0.5 -1.4
25 to 54................. 91,429 101,720 101,253 103,195 10,292 -467 1,942 11.3 -0.5 1.9 71.4 70.2 65.3 63.1 1.1 -0.0 0.2
55 and older............. 15,060 20,777 32,437 41,793 5,717 11,660 9,356 38.0 56.1 28.8 11.8 14.3 20.9 25.6 3.3 4.6 2.6
Sex:
Men...................... 69,964 77,500 82,327 86,913 7,536 4,827 4,586 10.8 6.2 5.6 54.6 53.5 53.1 53.2 1.0 0.6 0.5
Women.................... 58,141 67,364 72,648 76,537 9,223 5,284 3,889 15.9 7.8 5.4 45.4 46.5 46.9 46.8 1.5 0.8 0.5
Race:
White..................... 108,837 120,150 123,684 126,923 11,313 3,534 3,239 10.4 2.9 2.6 85.0 82.9 79.8 77.7 1.0 0.3 0.3
Black..................... 14,162 16,565 18,400 20,247 2,403 1,835 1,847 17.0 11.1 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.9 12.4 1.6 1.1 1.0
Asian..................... 5,106 6,604 8,188 10,135 1,498 1,584 1,947 29.3 24.0 23.8 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.2 2.6 2.2 2.2
All other groups (1)...... - 1,544 4,703 6,145 - 3,159 1,442 - 204.6 30.7 - 1.1 3.0 3.8 - 11.8 2.7
Ethnicity:
Hispanic origin........... 11,338 17,943 24,391 31,179 6,605 6,448 6,788 58.3 35.9 27.8 8.9 12.4 15.7 19.1 4.7 3.1 2.5
Other than Hispanic origin 116,767 126,920 130,584 132,271 10,153 3,664 1,687 8.7 2.9 1.3 91.1 87.6 84.3 80.9 0.8 0.3 0.1
White non-Hispanic........ 98,724 103,349 101,892 99,431 4,625 -1,457 -2,461 4.7 -1.4 -2.4 77.1 71.3 65.7 60.8 0.5 -0.1 -0.2
Age of baby boomers.......... 28 to 46 38 to 56 48 to 66 58 to 76
1 The "all other groups" category includes (1) those classified as being of multiple racial origin and (2) the race categories of (2a) American Indian and
Alaska Native and (2b) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders.
Note: Dash indicates no data collected for category. Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Table 2. Civilian labor force participation rates by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 1992, 2002, 2012, and projected 2022
(In percent)
Participation rate Percentage-point change Annual growth rate
Group 1992 2002 2012 2022 1992- 2002- 2012- 1992- 2002- 2012-
2002 2012 2022 2002 2012 2022
Total, 16 years and older....... 66.4 66.6 63.7 61.6 0.2 -2.9 -2.1 0.0 -0.4 -0.3
Age, years:
16 to 24..................... 66.1 63.3 54.9 49.6 -2.9 -8.4 -5.3 -0.4 -1.4 -1.0
25 to 54..................... 83.6 83.3 81.4 81.0 -0.3 -1.9 -0.4 -0.0 -0.2 -0.1
55 and older................. 29.7 34.5 40.5 41.5 4.9 6.0 1.0 1.5 1.6 0.3
Sex:
Men.......................... 75.8 74.1 70.2 67.6 -1.7 -3.9 -2.6 -0.2 -0.5 -0.4
Women........................ 57.8 59.6 57.7 56.0 1.8 -1.9 -1.7 0.3 -0.3 -0.3
Race:
White........................ 66.8 66.8 64.0 61.7 0.0 -2.8 -2.3 0.0 -0.4 -0.4
Black........................ 63.9 64.8 61.5 59.8 0.9 -3.3 -1.7 0.1 -0.5 -0.3
Asian........................ 66.5 67.2 63.9 63.2 0.7 -3.3 -0.7 0.1 -0.5 -0.1
All other groups (1)......... - - 63.9 63.2 - - -0.7 - - -
Ethnicity:
Hispanic origin.............. 66.8 69.1 66.4 65.9 2.3 -2.7 -0.5 0.3 -0.4 -0.1
Other than Hispanic origin... 66.4 66.2 63.2 60.7 -0.2 -3.0 -2.5 -0.0 -0.5 -0.4
White non-Hispanic........... 66.7 66.5 63.5 60.8 -0.2 -3.0 -2.7 -0.0 -0.5 -0.4
(1) The "all other groups" category includes (1) those classified as being of multiple racial origin and (2) the race
categories of (2a) American Indian and Alaska Native and (2b) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders.
Note: Dash indicates no data collected for category. Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Table 3. Employment by major industry sector, 2002, 2012, and projected 2022
Industry sector
Thousands of jobs Change Percent distribution Annual growth rate
(percent)
2002 2012 2022 2002- 2012- 2002 2012 2022 2002- 2012-
2012 2022 2012 2022
Total (1)...................................... 142,294.9 145,355.8 160,983.7 3,060.9 15,627.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 1.0
Nonagriculture wage and salary (2)............. 131,028.3 134,427.6 149,751.3 3,399.3 15,323.7 92.1 92.5 93.0 0.3 1.1
Goods-producing, excluding agriculture......... 22,486.7 18,360.3 19,554.2 -4126.4 1,193.9 15.8 12.6 12.1 -2.0 0.6
Mining...................................... 512.3 800.5 921.7 288.2 121.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 4.6 1.4
Construction................................ 6,715.7 5,640.9 7,263.0 -1074.8 1,622.1 4.7 3.9 4.5 -1.7 2.6
Manufacturing............................... 15,258.7 11,918.9 11,369.4 -3339.8 -549.5 10.7 8.2 7.1 -2.4 -0.5
Services-providing............................. 108,541.6 116,067.3 130,197.1 7,525.7 14,129.8 76.3 79.9 80.9 0.7 1.2
Utilities................................... 596.3 554.2 497.8 -42.1 -56.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.7 -1.1
Wholesale trade............................. 5,652.4 5,672.8 6,143.2 20.4 470.4 4.0 3.9 3.8 0.0 0.8
Retail trade................................ 15,025.1 14,875.3 15,966.2 -149.8 1,090.9 10.6 10.2 9.9 -0.1 0.7
Transportation and warehousing.............. 4,223.8 4,414.7 4,742.0 190.9 327.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 0.4 0.7
Information................................. 3,394.6 2,677.6 2,612.4 -717.0 -65.2 2.4 1.8 1.6 -2.3 -0.2
Financial activities........................ 7,847.1 7,786.3 8,537.3 -60.8 751.0 5.5 5.4 5.3 -0.1 0.9
Professional and business services.......... 15,976.2 17,930.2 21,413.0 1,954.0 3,482.8 11.2 12.3 13.3 1.2 1.8
Educational services........................ 2,642.8 3,346.9 4,022.2 704.1 675.3 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.4 1.9
Health care and social assistance........... 13,555.6 16,971.8 21,965.9 3,416.2 4,994.1 9.5 11.7 13.6 2.3 2.6
Leisure and hospitality..................... 11,986.0 13,745.8 15,035.0 1,759.8 1,289.2 8.4 9.5 9.3 1.4 0.9
Other services.............................. 6,129.0 6,174.5 6,823.4 45.5 648.9 4.3 4.2 4.2 0.1 1.0
Federal government.......................... 2,766.0 2,814.0 2,406.5 48.0 -407.5 1.9 1.9 1.5 0.2 -1.6
State and local government.................. 18,746.7 19,103.2 20,032.2 356.5 929.0 13.2 13.1 12.4 0.2 0.5
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (3) 2,245.4 2,112.7 1,889.2 -132.7 -223.5 1.6 1.5 1.2 -0.6 -1.1
Agriculture wage and salary................. 1,217.4 1,306.9 1,281.8 89.5 -25.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 -0.2
Agriculture self-employed and
unpaid family workers..................... 1,028.0 805.8 607.4 -222.2 -198.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 -2.4 -2.8
Nonagriculture self-employed and
unpaid family workers........................ 9,021.2 8,815.5 9,343.2 -205.7 527.7 6.3 6.1 5.8 -0.2 0.6
(1) Employment data for wage and salary workers are from the BLS Current Employment Statistics survey, which counts jobs,
whereas self-employed, unpaid family workers, and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting are from the Current Population Survey (household survey),
which counts workers.
(2) Includes wage and salary data from the Current Employment Statistics survey, except private households, which is from the
Current Population Survey. Logging workers are excluded.
(3) Includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting data from the Current Population Survey, except logging, which is from
Current Employment Statistics survey. Government wage and salary workers are excluded.
Table 4. Fastest growing occupations, 2012 and projected 2022
Table 4. Fastest growing occupations, 2012 and projected 2022
(Employment in thousands)
2012 National Employment Matrix title Employment Change, 2012-22 Median annual Typical education Work experience in a Typical on-the-job training
2012 2022 Number Percent wage, 2012 (1) needed for entry related occupation needed to attain competency
in the occupation
Total, all occupations................ 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 $34,750 N/A N/A N/A
Industrial-organizational............. 1.6 2.5 0.9 53.4 83,580 Master's degree None Internship/residency
psychologists
Personal care aides................... 1,190.6 1,771.4 580.8 48.8 19,910 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Home health aides..................... 875.1 1,299.3 424.2 48.5 20,820 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Insulation workers, mechanical........ 28.9 42.4 13.5 46.7 39,170 High school diploma
or equivalent None Apprenticeship
Interpreters and translators.......... 63.6 92.9 29.3 46.1 45,430 Bachelor's degree None Short-term on-the-job training
Diagnostic medical sonographers....... 58.8 85.9 27.0 46.0 65,860 Associate's degree None None
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons,.... 24.4 34.9 10.5 43.0 28,220 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
stonemasons, and tile and
marble setters
Occupational therapy assistants....... 30.3 43.2 12.9 42.6 53,240 Associate's degree None None
Genetic counselors.................... 2.1 3.0 0.9 41.2 56,800 Master's degree None None
Physical therapist assistants......... 71.4 100.7 29.3 41.0 52,160 Associate's degree None None
Physical therapist aides.............. 50.0 70.1 20.1 40.1 23,880 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Skincare specialists.................. 44.4 62.0 17.7 39.8 28,640 Postsecondary non-degree None None
award
Physician assistants.................. 86.7 120.0 33.3 38.4 90,930 Master's degree None None
Segmental pavers...................... 1.8 2.4 0.7 38.1 33,720 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Helpers--electricians................. 60.8 83.3 22.4 36.9 27,670 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Information security analysts......... 75.1 102.5 27.4 36.5 86,170 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 years None
Occupational therapy aides............ 8.4 11.4 3.0 36.2 26,850 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Health specialties teachers,.......... 190.0 258.6 68.6 36.1 81,140 Doctoral or professional Less than 5 years None
postsecondary degree
Medical secretaries................... 525.6 714.9 189.2 36.0 31,350 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Physical therapists................... 204.2 277.7 73.5 36.0 79,860 Doctoral or professional None None
degree
Orthotists and prosthetists........... 8.5 11.5 3.0 35.5 62,670 Master's degree None Internship/residency
Brickmasons and blockmasons........... 71.0 96.2 25.2 35.5 46,440 High school diploma None Apprenticeship
or equivalent
Nursing instructors and teachers,..... 67.8 91.8 24.0 35.4 64,850 Master's degree Less than 5 years None
postsecondary
Nurse practitioners................... 110.2 147.3 37.1 33.7 89,960 Master's degree None None
Audiologists 13.0 17.3 4.3 33.6 69,720 Doctoral or professional None None
degree
Dental hygienists..................... 192.8 256.9 64.2 33.3 70,210 Associate's degree None None
Meeting, convention, and.............. 94.2 125.4 31.3 33.2 45,810 Bachelor's degree None None
event planners
Therapists, all other................. 28.8 37.9 9.1 31.7 53,210 Bachelor's degree None None
Market research analysts and.......... 415.7 547.2 131.5 31.6 60,300 Bachelor's degree None None
marketing specialists
Substance abuse and behavioral........ 89.6 117.7 28.2 31.4 38,520 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
disorder counselors or equivalent
(1) Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 5. Occupations with the most job growth, 2012 and projected 2022
(Employment in thousands)
2012 National Employment Matrix title Employment Change, 2012-22 Median annual Typical education Work experience in a Typical on-the-job training
2012 2022 Number Percent wage, 2012(1) needed for entry related occupation needed to attain competency
in the occupation
Total, all occupations................ 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 $34,750 N/A N/A N/A
Personal care aides................... 1,190.6 1,771.4 580.8 48.8 19,910 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Registered nurses..................... 2,711.5 3,238.4 526.8 19.4 65,470 Associate's degree None None
Retail salespersons................... 4,447.0 4,881.7 434.7 9.8 21,110 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Home health aides..................... 875.1 1,299.3 424.2 48.5 20,820 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Combined food preparation and......... 2,969.3 3,391.2 421.9 14.2 18,260 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
serving workers, including
fast food
Nursing assistants.................... 1,479.8 1,792.0 312.2 21.1 24,420 Postsecondary non-degree None None
award
Secretaries and administrative........ 2,324.4 2,632.3 307.8 13.2 32,410 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
assistants, except legal, or equivalent
medical, and executive
Customer service representatives...... 2,362.8 2,661.4 298.7 12.6 30,580 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Janitors and cleaners, except maids... 2,324.0 2,604.0 280.0 12.1 22,320 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
and housekeeping cleaners
Construction laborers................. 1,071.1 1,331.0 259.8 24.3 29,990 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
General and operations managers....... 1,972.7 2,216.8 244.1 12.4 95,440 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 years None
Laborers and freight, stock, and...... 2,197.3 2,439.2 241.9 11.0 23,890 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
material movers, hand
Carpenters............................ 901.2 1,119.4 218.2 24.2 39,940 High school diploma None Apprenticeship
or equivalent
Bookkeeping, accounting, and.......... 1,799.8 2,004.5 204.6 11.4 35,170 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
auditing clerks or equivalent
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck....... 1,701.5 1,894.1 192.6 11.3 38,200 Postsecondary non-degree None Short-term on-the-job training
drivers award
Medical secretaries................... 525.6 714.9 189.2 36.0 31,350 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Childcare workers..................... 1,312.7 1,496.8 184.1 14.0 19,510 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Office clerks, general................ 2,983.5 3,167.6 184.1 6.2 27,470 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Maids and housekeeping cleaners....... 1,434.6 1,618.0 183.4 12.8 19,570 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Licensed practical and licensed....... 738.4 921.3 182.9 24.8 41,540 Postsecondary non-degree None None
vocational nurses award
First-line supervisors of office...... 1,418.1 1,589.6 171.5 12.1 49,330 High school diploma Less than 5 years None
and administrative support or equivalent
workers
Elementary school teachers,........... 1,361.2 1,529.1 167.9 12.3 53,400 Bachelor's degree None Internship/residency
except special education
Accountants and auditors.............. 1,275.4 1,442.2 166.7 13.1 63,550 Bachelor's degree None None
Medical assistants.................... 560.8 723.7 162.9 29.0 29,370 Postsecondary non-degree None None
award
Cooks, restaurant..................... 1,024.1 1,174.2 150.1 14.7 22,030 Less than high school Less than 5 years Moderate-term on-the-job training
Software developers, applications..... 613.0 752.9 139.9 22.8 90,060 Bachelor's degree None None
Landscaping and groundskeeping........ 1,124.9 1,264.0 139.2 12.4 23,570 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
workers
Receptionists and information......... 1,006.7 1,142.6 135.9 13.5 25,990 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
clerks or equivalent
Management analysts................... 718.7 852.5 133.8 18.6 78,600 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 years None
Sales representatives, wholesale...... 1,480.7 1,612.8 132.0 8.9 54,230 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
and manufacturing, except or equivalent
technical and scientific
products
1 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 6. Employment by major occupational group, 2012 and projected 2022
(Employment in thousands)
2012 National Employment Matrix title and code
Employment Change, 2012-22
2012 2022 Number Percent
Total, all occupations..................................... 00-0000 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8
Management occupations..................................... 11-0000 8,861.5 9,498.0 636.6 7.2
Business and financial operations occupations.............. 13-0000 7,167.6 8,065.7 898.1 12.5
Computer and mathematical occupations...................... 15-0000 3,814.7 4,500.5 685.8 18.0
Architecture and engineering occupations................... 17-0000 2,474.5 2,654.0 179.6 7.3
Life, physical, and social science occupations............. 19-0000 1,249.1 1,374.8 125.7 10.1
Community and social service occupations................... 21-0000 2,374.7 2,783.4 408.8 17.2
Legal occupations.......................................... 23-0000 1,247.0 1,379.9 132.9 10.7
Education, training, and library occupations............... 25-0000 9,115.9 10,131.7 1,015.8 11.1
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. 27-0000 2,570.9 2,751.6 180.6 7.0
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations......... 29-0000 8,049.7 9,782.6 1,732.9 21.5
Healthcare support occupations............................. 31-0000 4,110.2 5,266.0 1,155.8 28.1
Protective service occupations............................. 33-0000 3,325.3 3,588.3 263.0 7.9
Food preparation and serving related occupations........... 35-0000 11,780.1 12,882.0 1,101.8 9.4
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.. 37-0000 5,522.3 6,213.3 691.0 12.5
Personal care and service occupations...................... 39-0000 5,375.6 6,498.5 1,122.9 20.9
Sales and related occupations.............................. 41-0000 15,105.0 16,200.5 1,095.5 7.3
Office and administrative support occupations.............. 43-0000 22,470.1 24,004.1 1,534.0 6.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................. 45-0000 947.2 915.0 -32.2 -3.4
Construction and extraction occupations.................... 47-0000 6,092.2 7,394.1 1,301.9 21.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.......... 49-0000 5,514.8 6,046.0 531.2 9.6
Production occupations..................................... 51-0000 8,941.9 9,017.5 75.6 0.8
Transportation and material moving occupations............. 53-0000 9,245.7 10,036.4 790.6 8.6
Table 7. Employment by summary education and training assignment, 2012 and projected 2022
(Employment and job openings in thousands)
Education, work experience, and on-the-job training
Employment Change, 2012-22 Job openings Median
2012 2022 Number Percent due to growth and annual
replacement needs, wage,
2012-22 2012 (1)
Typical education needed for entry
Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 $34,750
Postsecondary education.............................. 48,963.8 55,802.6 6,838.7 14.0 16,975.6 57,770
Doctoral or professional degree................... 4,002.4 4,640.8 638.4 16.0 1,426.8 96,420
Master's degree................................... 2,432.2 2,880.7 448.5 18.4 950.8 63,400
Bachelor's degree................................. 26,033.0 29,176.7 3,143.6 12.1 8,618.7 67,140
Associate's degree................................ 5,954.9 7,000.9 1,046.0 17.6 2,269.5 57,590
Postsecondary non-degree award.................... 8,554.2 9,891.2 1,337.1 15.6 3,067.2 34,760
Some college, no degree........................... 1,987.2 2,212.2 225.0 11.3 642.6 28,730
No postsecondary education........................... 96,392.0 105,181.2 8,789.2 9.1 33,581.7 27,670
High school diploma or equivalent................. 58,264.4 62,895.2 4,630.8 7.9 17,667.4 35,170
Less than high school............................. 38,127.6 42,286.0 4,158.4 10.9 15,914.3 20,110
Work experience in a related occupation
Total, all occupations.................................. 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 34,750
5 years or more...................................... 4,831.9 5,091.8 259.9 5.4 1,330.9 90,760
Less than 5 years.................................... 16,167.7 17,663.5 1,495.9 9.3 4,863.4 52,270
None................................................. 124,356.2 138,228.4 13,872.2 11.2 44,363.0 32,260
Typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency
Total, all occupations.................................. 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 34,750
Internship/residency................................. 5,989.1 6,658.9 669.8 11.2 1,997.8 53,570
Apprenticeship....................................... 2,336.9 2,855.2 518.3 22.2 879.8 45,440
Long-term on-the-job training........................ 6,876.5 7,448.7 572.2 8.3 2,163.7 41,810
Moderate-term on-the-job training.................... 23,057.8 24,968.5 1,910.8 8.3 6,841.0 36,950
Short-term on-the-job training....................... 58,928.4 64,673.7 5,745.3 9.7 22,273.7 22,960
None................................................. 48,167.2 54,378.8 6,211.6 12.9 16,401.3 56,970
(1) Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 8. Occupations with the largest projected number of job openings due to growth and replacement needs, 2012 and projected 2022
(Employment and job openings in thousands)
2012 National Employment Matrix title Employment Change, 2012-22 Job openings due to Median annual Typical education Work experience in Typical on-the-job training needed
growth and replacement wage, 2012(1) needed for entry a related occupation to attain competency in the occupation
2012 2022 Number Percent needs, 2012-22
Total, all occupations........................................... 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 $34,750 N/A N/A N/A
Retail salespersons.............................................. 4,447.0 4,881.7 434.7 9.8 1,955.7 21,110 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Combined food preparation and serving workers,................... 2,969.3 3,391.2 421.9 14.2 1,555.7 18,260 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
including fast food
Cashiers......................................................... 3,338.9 3,425.4 86.5 2.6 1,530.0 18,970 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Waiters and waitresses........................................... 2,362.2 2,494.0 131.8 5.6 1,268.3 18,540 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Registered nurses................................................ 2,711.5 3,238.4 526.8 19.4 1,052.6 65,470 Associate's degree None None
Customer service representatives................................. 2,362.8 2,661.4 298.7 12.6 941.6 30,580 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand........... 2,197.3 2,439.2 241.9 11.0 922.5 23,890 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Office clerks, general........................................... 2,983.5 3,167.6 184.1 6.2 810.9 27,470 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners.... 2,324.0 2,604.0 280.0 12.1 717.3 22,320 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Personal care aides.............................................. 1,190.6 1,771.4 580.8 48.8 666.0 19,910 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
General and operations managers.................................. 1,972.7 2,216.8 244.1 12.4 613.1 95,440 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 years None
Nursing assistants............................................... 1,479.8 1,792.0 312.2 21.1 593.6 24,420 Postsecondary non-degree None None
award
Home health aides................................................ 875.1 1,299.3 424.2 48.5 590.7 20,820 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Secretaries and administrative assistants,....................... 2,324.4 2,632.3 307.8 13.2 587.6 32,410 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
except legal, medical, and executive or equivalent
Childcare workers................................................ 1,312.7 1,496.8 184.1 14.0 570.0 19,510 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Stock clerks and order fillers................................... 1,807.2 1,801.2 -6.0 -0.3 546.0 22,050 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Accountants and auditors......................................... 1,275.4 1,442.2 166.7 13.1 544.2 63,550 Bachelor's degree None None
First-line supervisors of office and administrative.............. 1,418.1 1,589.6 171.5 12.1 508.0 49,330 High school diploma Less than 5 years None
support workers or equivalent
Construction laborers............................................ 1,071.1 1,331.0 259.8 24.3 489.1 29,990 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Maids and housekeeping cleaners.................................. 1,434.6 1,618.0 183.4 12.8 467.7 19,570 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Elementary school teachers, except special education............. 1,361.2 1,529.1 167.9 12.3 467.4 53,400 Bachelor's degree None Internship/residency
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers.......................... 1,701.5 1,894.1 192.6 11.3 464.7 38,200 Postsecondary non-degree None Short-term on-the-job training
award
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers........................... 1,124.9 1,264.0 139.2 12.4 422.7 23,570 Less than high school None Short-term on-the-job training
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing,.............. 1,480.7 1,612.8 132.0 8.9 420.7 54,230 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
except technical and scientific products or equivalent
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers................... 1,603.3 1,674.2 70.9 4.4 419.8 36,820 High school diploma Less than 5 years None
or equivalent
Receptionists and information clerks............................. 1,006.7 1,142.6 135.9 13.5 406.9 25,990 High school diploma None Short-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Teacher assistants............................................... 1,223.4 1,328.5 105.0 8.6 382.6 23,640 Some college, no degree None None
Maintenance and repair workers, general.......................... 1,325.1 1,450.3 125.2 9.4 379.7 35,210 High school diploma None Long-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks..................... 1,799.8 2,004.5 204.6 11.4 370.0 35,170 High school diploma None Moderate-term on-the-job training
or equivalent
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................ 738.4 921.3 182.9 24.8 363.1 41,540 Postsecondary non-degree None None
award
1 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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